Anglican Reformation

by Joni M, Macarena and Javier. 

England S XVI
The church is in terrible shape, and everyone agrees change is necessary.
Meet the:
* Lutherans: Rediscover justification by faith and a personal relationship with Crist. They popularize the Bible, and retain most of the traditions of the church.
* Calvinists: Reject everything not expressly commanded in the Bible.
* Anabaptists: Deny that there has been any continuity in the historic Church.
* Humanists: Introduce scientific study of old documents and traditions and emphasize the ethical teachings of Jesus.
* Roman Catholics: Rediscover scripture, tradition, reason, and mystical experience in their own counter- reformation.
* Anglicans: Influenced equally by all five movements. The history of the English reformation, however, is not very edifying.
The Anglican Reformation is a series of events in England in the sixteenth century that led to the separation of the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church and the emancipation of papal authority. It is part of the Protestant Reformation which happened in many European countries.
The trigger for the English Reformation was the desire of King Henry VIII to end up wide his marriage. What began as a political, not theological dispute, had profound political and theological implications. After separation from Rome, by the Act of Royal Supremacy, the king became supreme head of the Church of England, which became a national church independent form Rome.
After many years of theological disputes, which ultimately led to a civil war, the result was the establishment of an official state church and the gradual recognition of several other churches and religious movements, including the Roman Catholic Church.
The establishment under the rule of Elizabeth I (from 1558) of a cleary Protestant Church of England, but moderate (since acknowledged its Catholic heritage) allowed consolidate legally (under state and part of it) and allow it to accommodate within its communion to a wide rage of theological positions, which has since been one of its essential characteristics.
Anglicanism initially retained its constitution and Catholic dogma. It then received the influence of Lutheranism and Calvinism, the latter being the one accepted as a foundation. It allows the marriage of priests and retainers the titles of the Catholic hierarchy.
By the time Elizabeth’s long reign came to an end in 1603, English people had come to esteem their Church. The trials of the last three decades had in a very real sense secured England’s Protestant identity. Through a generation of
conflicts in which the enemy had been foreign, Catholic and dangerous, English people had come to identify their Church and Protestantism, as a cornerstones of their identity.

ENGLISH VARIETIES WITHIN ENGLAND

by Leonardo, Rabellino-Soledad, Robledo and Emanuel Sánchez.

1) Received Pronunciation (RP) is the standard accent of Standard English in Great Britain, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms. "It the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although some have argued that it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales. It is superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige in some parts of Britain. It has thus been the accent of those with power, money and influence since the early to mid 20th century, though it has more recently been criticised as a symbol of undeserved privilege. However, since the 1960s, a greater permissiveness towards allowing regional English varieties has taken hold in education and the media in Britain; in some contexts, conservative RP is now perceived negatively. It is important not to confuse the notion of Received Pronunciation, as a standard accent, with the standard variety of the English language used in England that is given names such as "Standard English", "the Queen's English", "Oxford English" or "BBC English". The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation, while study of the standard language is also concerned with matters such as grammar, vocabulary and style.
Notable speakers:
John Wells has identified the following people as RP speakers:
* David Cameron, Prime Minister
* Boris Johnson, Mayor of London
* Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury
2) Cockney has geographical, cultural and linguistic associations. Traditionally, it refers to people born within a certain area that are covered by "the sound of Bow bells". Geographically and culturally, it is often used to refer to working-class Londoners, particularly those in the East End. Linguistically, it can refer to the accent and form of English spoken by this group. The earliest recorded use of the term in 1362 in by William Langland and it is used to mean a small, misshapen egg, from Middle English coken (of cocks) and ey (egg) so literally "a cock's egg". In the Reeve's Taleby Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1386), it appears as "cokenay", and the meaning is "a child tenderly brought up, an effeminate fellow, amilksop". By 1521, it was in use by country people as a derogatory reference for the effeminate town-dwellers. The region in which "Cockneys" are thought to reside is not clearly defined. A common view is that in order to be a Cockney, one must have been born within earshot of the Bow Bells. However, the church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13th June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II.
Famous People: Charlie Chaplin (Hollywood film star, born in Walworth) 3) Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary. Phonetician John C. Wells defines Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southeast of England". The name comes from the area around the Thames, particularly its Estuary. Estuary English can be heard in London, Kent, north Surrey and south Essex. Estuary English shares many features with Cockney, and there is some debate among linguists as to where Cockney speech ends and Estuary English begins. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the Times Educational Supplement in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. Studies have indicated that Estuary English is not a single coherent form of English; rather, the reality behind the constructconsists of some (but not all) phonetic features of working-class London speech spreading at various rates socially into middle-class speech and geographically into other accents of south-eastern England. Estuary English is widely encountered throughout the south and south-east of England, particularly among the young. Many consider it to be a working-class accent, though it is by no means limited to the working class. In the debate that surrounded a 1993 article about Estuary English, a London businessman claimed that Received Pronunciation was perceived as unfriendly, so Estuary English was now preferred for commercial purposes. Some people adopt the accent as a means of "blending in", appearing to be more working class, or in an attempt to appear to be "a common man" – sometimes this affectation of the accent is derisively referred to as "Mockney". A move away from traditional RP accents is almost universal among middle class young people.
The term "Estuary English" is sometimes used with pejorative connotations: Sally Gunnell, a former Olympic athlete who became a television presenter for Channel 4 and the BBC, quit the BBC, announcing she felt "very undermined" by the network's lack of support after she was widely criticised for her "uninspiring interview style" and "awful estuary English".

                       ENGLISH FAMILY ORGANIZATION.

by Nico P, Santiago and Aldana. 

Family traditions in England can stretch back do hundreds of years, through lots of generations, or have just been made up in the last fifty years. For many years on Sunday, lots of families enjoy 'Sunday Dinner' which usually takes longer to prepare and is considered higher quality and more special. Sunday Dinner normally consists of: Lamb, Turkey, or another type of meat that is roasted, roasted potatoes, and peas and a variety of small vegetables. Sometimes, it is acceptable to drink red wine with Sunday Dinner. Sunday Dinner may be linked to the Christian religion, as Sunday is considered a day to go to church if you are religious and more people used to go to church, and it could be considered a small celebration. At Christmas it is common in most English speaking countries to send close friends and relatives 'Christmas cards' through the post, often with a small greeting such as 'Merry/Happy Christmas' and 'Seasons Greetings', though the latter is more common in North America, as it generalises the holiday so that more people celebrate it without being exclusive. Most families put up a Christmas tree, usually either a fir tree, pine tree or today artificial trees are much more common. People decorate the trees with bubbles, little spherical shaped objects, usually with glitter and lots of bright colours, Christmas lights, Christmas cards suspended from strings, and on top, people put either a model of a fairy or angel, or a star. At Christmas, some of the most enthusiastic households go out and walk around the neighbourhood knocking on their neighbours doors and singing Christmas carols to try and spread Christmas awareness and celebration and normally a small tip is expected. At Christmas the patriotic families gather near the television to listen to the queen's speech which is when the Queen reflects on the year and talks about the achievements of the nation. At least once in the week lots of families have a day out, which can range from the local playground, a shopping centre, to a zoo or multiplex cinema. Adults sometimes go to a public house to buy beer and play darts and it is not uncommon to have a television or projector showing a game of football, tennis or cricket. On Saturday lots of people tune in to watch football, or sometimes go to a football stadium to see action in real life.

Marriage: among many members of the South Asian and Jewish communities, arranged marriages as a means of cementing family alliances are the norm. Most inhabitants, however, decide independently whom to marry, often choosing to cohabit with the partner before marriage. Social position, social aspirations, and control unit choice of a marriage partner. Thus, marriages across class lines are not common, especially among unskilled workers and the professional and managerial classes. Marriages across ethnic lines also are not common. As a reason for marriage, economic security is prominent, but so is the desire for sexual
and social companionship. While marriage between a man and a woman remains the primary model for long-term relationships, it is not the only one. Same-sex unions and so-called blended families are increasingly common. . Current gender roles dictate that men are the primary breadwinners and women are responsible for household management.
Inheritance: Children rarely depend on inherited wealth to become independent and usually inherit movable property rather than real estate. When real estate is involved, it often consists of a home and the attached land, not agricultural land. Most people follow the principle of equal division of inherited wealth among offspring, with some favoritism toward biological offspring in blended families.
Kin Groups: People envision themselves as part of a set of interconnected families, the size of which varies with marital status and family traditions. Most people include three to four generations of people in their kin group
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes: Class is the primary way in which people approach social stratification. The upper class (the landed gentry, the titled nobility, and members of the royal family) has roughly the same social position it has had since the nineteenth century, when the middle classes began to compete successfully with the landed interests for influence. However, the upper class lost official political influence (and credibility) in the twentieth century. The major change in England's social identity structure has been the shrinking number of workers in manufacturing and the increasing number of people who work in service industries.
The middle class has increased in size and wealth, and home ownership has increased, while union membership has declined dramatically, along with the size of the traditional industrial working class.Most workers expect unemployment at some point in their careers, especially the unskilled and uneducated.
Indians, on the other hand, have faired better, currently occupying a central position in the middle class as entrepreneurs and in the professions, enjoying chances of employment more comparable to whites.

English Short History.

by Dupertuis Alexis, Jacob Nicolás and Jullier Fernando.

Prehistoric Britain in 500,000 BC, people migrate to Britain from Europe. In 6500 BC, the land bridge linking Britain with Europe is flooded with increasing the sea level. Britain becomes an island. In the year 3000 BC New Stone Age begins: farming people arrive from Europe. In 2100 BC Bronze Age begins. In 2150 BC People learn to make weapons and tools of bronze. In 1650 BC trade routes begin to form. In 1200 BC small towns are first formed. In 750 BC Iron Age begins: iron replaced bronze as the most useful metal. Population about 150,000. In 500 BC Celts arrive from Central Europe. The Celts were farmers and lived in small groups of people in the center of their fields. They were also warlike people. The Celts fought against the people of Great Britain and other Celtic tribes.
Vikings
The Viking Age in Britain began about 1,200 years in the eighth century and lasted for 300 years.
In 793 AD, the first invasion of the Vikings
In 821 AD, Wessex becomes the Supreme Kingdom.
In AD 866-77 Invasion of the Great Danes (Vikings) Army.
In 867 AD Vikings take Northumbria
In 871 AD King Alfred defeated the Vikings, but allows them to settle in eastern England.
In 886 AD The Northern Danelaw subject to the rules of the Vikings.
In 926 AD East of England (Danelaw) is conquered by the Saxons.
In 1016 AD King Canute of Denmark captures the English Crown.
In 1042 AD Edward the Confessor becomes king.
In 1055 AD the Abbey of Westminster is complete.
Norman
The Middle Ages in Britain cover a period of enormous. Lead us on the impact of the Norman Conquest, which began in 1066, the devastating Black Death of 1348, the Hundred Years War with France and the War of the Roses, which finally ended in 1485.
The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system and conducted a census of the country.
In 1066 AD, the battle of Stamford Bridge: Saxon victory over invading Vikings In 1066 AD, Battle of Hastings: The Normans defeat the Saxons invaders
Between 1080 - 1100 AD Great monastery and cathedral building begins. In 1086 AD, the Domesday Book compiled, a complete inventory of Great Britain. In 1154 AD, the work begins in the cathedral of York. In 1167 AD, the University of Oxford, founded In 1170 AD, the population of London exceeded 30,000 for the first time in 1215 AD, the civil war in 1215 AD, the Magna Carta signed by King John between 1282 to 1283 AD, the king Edward conquest of Wales. Llewellyn ab Gruffydd, the last prince of the country is killed. In 1296 AD, King Edward invades Scotland and take the Stone of Destiny from Scone to Westminster. In 1297 AD, the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The Scots William Wallace defeat the English. In 1298 AD, the Battle of Falkirk. King Edward defeats Wallace. In 1314 AD, the Scots led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English at the Battle of Bannockburn. Between 1321 to 1322 AD, the Civil War. Between 1337 - Hundred Years War with France 1453 AD. Betwenn 1348 -1349 The Black Death (bubonic plague) came to England and killed nearly half the population. In 1415 AD, English defeat the French at the Battle of Agincourt in 1453 AD, the Hundred Years War against France ended in 1455 AD, the Civil War: The War of the Roses begins.

English Personality Traits

The English: Personality Traits. 

by The Englishmen. 

The English character is dualistic: one aspect is conservative, the other extroverted.

We find nothing funny in English comedy shows, since English humor is word oriented while our humor is more action oriented.

Tea drinking is another expression of the English spirit of control and patience.

There is a whole ritual to tea drinking in England.

However, conservative England is the one that produced the Beatles with their long hair and sounds that have influenced a decade of rock musicians and adolescents. Out of a very straight middle-class family comes the androgynous Mick Jagger of the rolling stone whose very existence violates the rigid sexual stereotypes of Western culture.

The English are innovators and experimenters in many areas.

In England you should not talk too loud (very Spanish custom) at someone, ask a woman’s age, talk with your mouth full, or make personal or intimate questions such as referring to weight or to marital status.

The English have the habit of speaking very low, unlike other countries like Spain.

The Englishmen try to behave according to a series of educational standards, establish formality and elegance, disappear when his workday ends. Concluded this day, their nature undergoes a complete transformation: the pubs become uninhibited spaces where tensions are discharged sometimes relying too heavily on alcohol.

When you meet an English person, you can have a slight impression of coldness on his part. However this does not imply that it is a distant person, by contrast, it is a sign of respect. We are opposite since we usually have physical contact with our partners (we hug or give a pat on the back).

Nevertheless, these gestures do not determine the beginning of a beautiful friendship.

The English as a whole are very fair-skinned; many have lighter skin than many northern Europeans. The eyes color is clear and the ‘average’ person is rather tall.

An English is an attentive friendly person with a broad social vision, always ready to advise and help you if you speak to him with respect and courtesy. 

The Olympic Games London 2012

BY AMORELA, BRENDA AND NICO S. 

The build up to the 2012 London Olympics provides an excellent hook to engage students all round the world in learning about Britain.

The 2012 Summer Olympic Games will be held in London from 27 July to 12 August 2012. London hosted the Olympic games twice, in 1908 and 1948. The organizers expect that 205 nations will take part in 300 events at the Olympic Games in 2012.

The 26 Olympic sports at London 2012 will be:

* Aquatics

* Archery

* Athletics

* Badminton

* Basketball

* Boxing

* Canoe and Kayak

* Cycling

* Equestrian

* Fencing

* Football

* Gymnastics

* Handball

* Hockey

* Judo

* Modern Pentathlon

* Rowing

* Sailing

* Shooting

* Table Tennis

* Taekwondo

* Tennis

* Triathlon

* Volleyball

* Weightlifting

* Wrestling

The above 26 sports of the London Olympics 2012 will take place in 28 venues. A large majority of the 2012 Olympic will be held in the Old Park in Stratford in East London. Events will also be held in other venues across London and the UK (England, Scotland and Wales).

Symbols

The Rings

The Olympic Rings are five interlocking rings that stand for the five original continents, (Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe) and the athletes from around the world.

The colours of the rings are blue, yellow, black, green, and red. They were chosen because at least one of these colours is found in the flag of every nation.

The Flag

On the Olympic flag, the rings appear on a white background.

At the Olympic Games, the flag is brought into the stadium during the opening ceremony. After its arrival, the flag is hoisted up the flagpole. It must fly in the stadium during the Olympic Games. When the flag is lowered at the closing ceremony, it signals the end of the Games.

Motto

The motto of th Olympic Games is "Swifter, Higher, Stronger". These three words encourage the athlete to give his or her best during competition, and to view this effort as a victory in itself.

The Flame

The Olympic flame is one of the best-known features of the Games.

From the moment the flame is lit to the moment it goes out, a very precise ritual is laid down:

* The lighting: In memory of the Olympic Games’ origins, the flame is lit in Olympia, Greece, some months before the opening of the Games. The Olympic flame can only be lit by the sun’s rays.

* The relay route: The torch is carried by relay from Olympia to the host city of the Games.

* Arrival at the stadium: The day of the opening of the Games, the flame enters the stadium. With the lighting of the cauldron by the last relay runner, the flame is transferred from the torch to the place where it will continue to burn for the entire length of the Games. The flame is extinguished on the final day of the Games at the closing ceremony.

London Calling. Official Song Olympic Games 2012

Solve the following Activity.


Music in the English Classroom!!!!!
by Nicolás C, Emilse and Sofía. 

Folk music in England has been preserved and transmitted orally, through print and later through recordings. English folk music has produced or contributed to several important musical genres, including sea shanties and dance music. It can be seen as having distinct regional and local variations in content and style. Cultural interchange and processes of migration mean that English folk music, has particularly interacted with the music of Scotland, Ireland and Wales. It has also interacted with other musical traditions, particularly classical and rock music, influencing musical styles and producing musical fusions, such as electric folk, folk punk and folk metal. There remains a flourishing sub-culture of English folk music, which continues to influence other genres and occasionally to gain mainstream attention.
Anglo Saxons music
The harp played a regular role in the entertainment of the upper class. For the uneducated lower class, churchyard carol dancing and singing on feast days.
There is some evidence that poets recite heroic ballads and histories while accompanying themselves with a harp or other stringed instrument.
Music occupied a unique position for the Anglo Saxon – it was both an entertainment, and a danger, a tool, and a potential weapon. Musicians were both valued and mistrusted for their skills. Musicians were expected to juggle, sing, play several instruments, and recite poetry, and perhaps display more than one of these skills at a time. The educated were taught the philosophy of music. Through the practice of their science, musicians could cure melancholy, or transport the listener beyond the realm of reason.
English Folk music - The Child Ballads are a collection of 305 ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, collected by Francis James Child in the late nineteenth century. The collection was published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads between 1882 and 1898. - Street cries are the short lyrical calls of merchants hawking their products and services in open-air markets. Many of these street cries were cataloged in large collections or incorporated into larger musical works, preserving them from oblivion.
British music through the decades
Throughout the decades, Britain has been driven by an unwavering passion for music.
Britain’s contribution to popular music over the years has been phenomenal. The musical styles of each decade have not died, but have inspired the developments in subsequent generations. British music past and present is loved around the world.

60´s The Beatles arrived. With their catchy melodies and strong personalities .The Beatlemania swept into other countries and soon Britain was considered to be the centre of the music world. They continued to dominate the decade, becoming the most influential band of all time. The legendary rock group, The Rolling Stones was also a leading member of the British Invasion. They were a heavier alternative to The Beatles, and by 1966 had become one of the most experimental and trendy rock groups around. As with The Beatles, they had a huge following and many hits.
There was almost a rivalry between these two great bands. The Beatles were seen as a nice, clean-cut bunch whereas the Rolling Stones were “naughty”. (Although no doubt The Beatles weren’t quite as well-behaved as they seemed…)
70´s
Also remembered as “the decade that taste forgot”, the 1970’s brought with it glam, glitter and stadium rock as well as punk, soul and dance music.
In 1971 The Beatles confirmed the hearsay that they were separating.
The first big new sound of the decade was “Glam Rock”, with their platform boots, sequins, nail varnish and colorful hair. Also in this decade, Elton John had his first top ten hit with “Your Song”. The great rock band, Queen emerged in the 1970’s and proceeded to have a number of hits.
Punk-rock exploded across Britain towards the late 70’s. The Punk style of Mohicans, bondage clothes, safety pins, piercings, bovver boots and sneering attitude was a perfect front for their rebellion.
Roxy Music, was a wildly influential and experimental rock group at this time. They were dressed in bizarre, stylish costumes, their art-rock. Lifted the trend and was to influence the start of the 1980’s.
80´s
Musical styles changed fast in this decade. One of the most significant of these was the birth the New Romantics. With bold make-up, sculpted hair, pirate costumes, kilts and leather jackets with scarves, these bands had their own fantasy-driven style.
Electropop was a genre of synthesized pop music which thrived during the early 80’s. Her a robotic, electronic sound with catchy melodies which has continued to influence artists ever since.
Wham! had many hits in the 1980’s, proving hugely popular with the teenage market.
90´s
The 1990’s brought with it the phenomenon of “Britpop”. Crucial to Britpop were the melodies and catchy choruses, all having a distinctly “British” taste.
In stark contrast to the Britpop style came the success in this era of British boy bands. Take That were the most successful boy band of the 1990’s. Girl bands had their moments too, The Spice Girls.
2000´s
The beginning of the 21st Century has so far seen music become more fragmented.
There has been a massive growth in manufactured pop with boy-bands.
Dance conformists argued that rock had been killed for good. However, this has proved to be far from the case, with bands Coldplay.
The world continues to look at the UK for its evolving styles, talent and creativity.

"The Duchess and the jeweller" by Virginia Woolf.

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): A Short Biography

In 1926 Virginia Woolf contributed an introduction toVictorian Photographs of Famous Men & Fair Women by Julia Margaret Cameron. This publication may be seen as a springboard from which to approach Woolf’s life: Virginia saw herself as descending from a distinctive male and female inheritance; Cameron was the famous Victorian photographer and Woolf’s great-aunt; Woolf’s friend Roger Fry also contributed an introduction and leads us to the Bloomsbury Group; and the book was published by the Hogarth Press which Virginia had started with her husband Leonard in 1917. Adeline Virginia Stephen was born on 25 January 1882 in London. Her father, Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), was a man of letters (and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography) who came from a family distinguished for public service (part of the ‘intellectual aristocracy' of Victorian England). Her mother, Julia (1846-95), from whom Virginia inherited her looks, was the daughter and niece of the six beautiful Pattle sisters (Julia Margaret Cameron was the seventh: not beautiful but the only one remembered today). Both parents had been married before: her father to the daughter of the novelist, Thackeray, by whom he had a daughter Laura (1870-1945) who was intellectually backward; and her mother to a barrister, Herbert Duckworth (1833-70), by whom she had three children, George (1868-1934), Stella (1869-97), and Gerald (1870-1937). Julia and Leslie Stephen had four children: Vanessa (1879-1961), Thoby (1880-1906), Virginia (1882-1941), and Adrian (1883-1948). All eight children lived with the parents and a number of servants at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington. Long summer holidays were spent at Talland House in St Ives, Cornwall, and St Ives played a large part in Virginia’s imagination. It was the setting for her novel To the Lighthouse, despite its ostensibly being placed on the Isle of Skye. London and/or St Ives provided the principal settings of most of her novels. In 1895 her mother died unexpectedly, and Virginia suffered her first mental breakdown. Her half-sister Stella took over the running of the household as well as coping with Leslie’s demands for sympathy and emotional support. Stella married Jack Hills in 1897, but she too died suddenly on her return from her honeymoon. The household burden then fell upon Vanessa. Virginia was allowed uncensored access to her father’s extensive library, and from an early age determined to be a writer. Her education was sketchy and she never went to school. Vanessa trained to become a painter. Their two brothers were sent to preparatory and public schools, and then to Cambridge. There Thoby made friends with Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell, Saxon Sydney-Turner, Lytton Strachey and Maynard Keynes. This was the nucleus of the Bloomsbury Group. Leslie Stephen died in 1904, and Virginia had a second breakdown. While she was sick, Vanessa arranged for the four siblings to move from 22 Hyde Park Gate to 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury. At the end of the year Virginia started reviewing with a clerical paper called the Guardian; in 1905 she started reviewing in the Times Literary Supplementand continued writing for that journal for many years. Following a trip to Greece in 1906, Thoby died of typhoid and in 1907 Vanessa married Clive Bell. Thoby had started ‘Thursday evenings' for his friends to visit, and this kind of arrangement was continued after his death by Vanessa and then by Virginia and Adrian when they moved to 29 Fitzroy Square. In 1911 Virginia moved to 38 Brunswick Square. Leonard Woolf had joined the Ceylon Civil Service in 1904 and returned in 1911 on leave. He soon decided that he wanted to marry Virginia, and she eventually agreed. They were married in St Pancras Registry Office on 10 August 1912. They decided to earn money by writing and journalism. Since about 1908 Virginia had been writing her first novelThe Voyage Out (originally to be called Melymbrosia). It was finished by 1913 but, owing to another severe mental breakdown after her marriage, it was not published until 1915 by Duckworth & Co. (Gerald’s publishing house). The novel was fairly conventional in form. She then began writing her second novel Night and Day - if anything even more conventional - which was published in 1919, also by Duckworth. From 1911 Virginia had rented small houses near Lewes in Sussex, most notably Asheham House. Her sister Vanessa rented Charleston Farmhouse nearby from 1916 onwards. In 1919 the Woolfs bought Monks House in the village of Rodmell. This was a small weather-boarded house (now owned by the National Trust) which they used principally for summer holidays until they were bombed out of their flat in Mecklenburgh Square in 1940 when it became their home. In 1917 the Woolfs had bought a small hand printing-press in order to take up printing as a hobby and as therapy for Virginia. By now they were living in Richmond (Surrey) and the Hogarth Press was named after their house. Virginia wrote, printed and published a couple of experimental short stories, 'The Mark on the Wall' and 'Kew Gardens'. The Woolfs continued handprinting until 1932, but in the meantime they increasingly became publishers rather than printers. By about 1922 the Hogarth Press had become a business. From 1921 Virginia always published with the Press, except for a few limited editions. Nineteen-twenty-one saw Virginia’s first collection of short stories Monday or Tuesday, most of which were experimental in nature. In 1922 her first experimental novel, Jacob’s Room, appeared. In 1924 the Woolfs moved back to London, to 52 Tavistock Square. In 1925 Mrs. Dalloway was published, followed by To the Lighthouse in 1927, and The Waves in 1931. These three novels are generally considered to be her greatest claim to fame as a modernist writer. Her involvement with the aristocratic novelist and poet Vita Sackville-West led to Orlando (1928), a roman à clef inspired by Vita’s life and ancestors at Knole in Kent. Two talks to women’s colleges at Cambridge in 1928 led to A Room of One’s Own (1929), a discussion of women’s writing and its historical economic and social underpinning. From:

http://www.virginiawoolfsociety.co.uk/vw_res.biography.htm

Activity:
*Read, translate and share in class.

*Read the short story and analyse:
http://ciudadseva.com/textos/cuentos/ing/woolf/duquesa.htm
Write two paragraphs.
1° about the stream of consciousness technique.
2° animals in the story: elephant, hog, camel, horse.