Anglican Reformation

by Joni M, Macarena and Javier. 

England S XVI
The church is in terrible shape, and everyone agrees change is necessary.
Meet the:
* Lutherans: Rediscover justification by faith and a personal relationship with Crist. They popularize the Bible, and retain most of the traditions of the church.
* Calvinists: Reject everything not expressly commanded in the Bible.
* Anabaptists: Deny that there has been any continuity in the historic Church.
* Humanists: Introduce scientific study of old documents and traditions and emphasize the ethical teachings of Jesus.
* Roman Catholics: Rediscover scripture, tradition, reason, and mystical experience in their own counter- reformation.
* Anglicans: Influenced equally by all five movements. The history of the English reformation, however, is not very edifying.
The Anglican Reformation is a series of events in England in the sixteenth century that led to the separation of the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church and the emancipation of papal authority. It is part of the Protestant Reformation which happened in many European countries.
The trigger for the English Reformation was the desire of King Henry VIII to end up wide his marriage. What began as a political, not theological dispute, had profound political and theological implications. After separation from Rome, by the Act of Royal Supremacy, the king became supreme head of the Church of England, which became a national church independent form Rome.
After many years of theological disputes, which ultimately led to a civil war, the result was the establishment of an official state church and the gradual recognition of several other churches and religious movements, including the Roman Catholic Church.
The establishment under the rule of Elizabeth I (from 1558) of a cleary Protestant Church of England, but moderate (since acknowledged its Catholic heritage) allowed consolidate legally (under state and part of it) and allow it to accommodate within its communion to a wide rage of theological positions, which has since been one of its essential characteristics.
Anglicanism initially retained its constitution and Catholic dogma. It then received the influence of Lutheranism and Calvinism, the latter being the one accepted as a foundation. It allows the marriage of priests and retainers the titles of the Catholic hierarchy.
By the time Elizabeth’s long reign came to an end in 1603, English people had come to esteem their Church. The trials of the last three decades had in a very real sense secured England’s Protestant identity. Through a generation of
conflicts in which the enemy had been foreign, Catholic and dangerous, English people had come to identify their Church and Protestantism, as a cornerstones of their identity.

ENGLISH VARIETIES WITHIN ENGLAND

by Leonardo, Rabellino-Soledad, Robledo and Emanuel Sánchez.

1) Received Pronunciation (RP) is the standard accent of Standard English in Great Britain, with a relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms. "It the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although some have argued that it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales. It is superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige in some parts of Britain. It has thus been the accent of those with power, money and influence since the early to mid 20th century, though it has more recently been criticised as a symbol of undeserved privilege. However, since the 1960s, a greater permissiveness towards allowing regional English varieties has taken hold in education and the media in Britain; in some contexts, conservative RP is now perceived negatively. It is important not to confuse the notion of Received Pronunciation, as a standard accent, with the standard variety of the English language used in England that is given names such as "Standard English", "the Queen's English", "Oxford English" or "BBC English". The study of RP is concerned exclusively with pronunciation, while study of the standard language is also concerned with matters such as grammar, vocabulary and style.
Notable speakers:
John Wells has identified the following people as RP speakers:
* David Cameron, Prime Minister
* Boris Johnson, Mayor of London
* Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury
2) Cockney has geographical, cultural and linguistic associations. Traditionally, it refers to people born within a certain area that are covered by "the sound of Bow bells". Geographically and culturally, it is often used to refer to working-class Londoners, particularly those in the East End. Linguistically, it can refer to the accent and form of English spoken by this group. The earliest recorded use of the term in 1362 in by William Langland and it is used to mean a small, misshapen egg, from Middle English coken (of cocks) and ey (egg) so literally "a cock's egg". In the Reeve's Taleby Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1386), it appears as "cokenay", and the meaning is "a child tenderly brought up, an effeminate fellow, amilksop". By 1521, it was in use by country people as a derogatory reference for the effeminate town-dwellers. The region in which "Cockneys" are thought to reside is not clearly defined. A common view is that in order to be a Cockney, one must have been born within earshot of the Bow Bells. However, the church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13th June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II.
Famous People: Charlie Chaplin (Hollywood film star, born in Walworth) 3) Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary. Phonetician John C. Wells defines Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southeast of England". The name comes from the area around the Thames, particularly its Estuary. Estuary English can be heard in London, Kent, north Surrey and south Essex. Estuary English shares many features with Cockney, and there is some debate among linguists as to where Cockney speech ends and Estuary English begins. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the Times Educational Supplement in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. Studies have indicated that Estuary English is not a single coherent form of English; rather, the reality behind the constructconsists of some (but not all) phonetic features of working-class London speech spreading at various rates socially into middle-class speech and geographically into other accents of south-eastern England. Estuary English is widely encountered throughout the south and south-east of England, particularly among the young. Many consider it to be a working-class accent, though it is by no means limited to the working class. In the debate that surrounded a 1993 article about Estuary English, a London businessman claimed that Received Pronunciation was perceived as unfriendly, so Estuary English was now preferred for commercial purposes. Some people adopt the accent as a means of "blending in", appearing to be more working class, or in an attempt to appear to be "a common man" – sometimes this affectation of the accent is derisively referred to as "Mockney". A move away from traditional RP accents is almost universal among middle class young people.
The term "Estuary English" is sometimes used with pejorative connotations: Sally Gunnell, a former Olympic athlete who became a television presenter for Channel 4 and the BBC, quit the BBC, announcing she felt "very undermined" by the network's lack of support after she was widely criticised for her "uninspiring interview style" and "awful estuary English".

                       ENGLISH FAMILY ORGANIZATION.

by Nico P, Santiago and Aldana. 

Family traditions in England can stretch back do hundreds of years, through lots of generations, or have just been made up in the last fifty years. For many years on Sunday, lots of families enjoy 'Sunday Dinner' which usually takes longer to prepare and is considered higher quality and more special. Sunday Dinner normally consists of: Lamb, Turkey, or another type of meat that is roasted, roasted potatoes, and peas and a variety of small vegetables. Sometimes, it is acceptable to drink red wine with Sunday Dinner. Sunday Dinner may be linked to the Christian religion, as Sunday is considered a day to go to church if you are religious and more people used to go to church, and it could be considered a small celebration. At Christmas it is common in most English speaking countries to send close friends and relatives 'Christmas cards' through the post, often with a small greeting such as 'Merry/Happy Christmas' and 'Seasons Greetings', though the latter is more common in North America, as it generalises the holiday so that more people celebrate it without being exclusive. Most families put up a Christmas tree, usually either a fir tree, pine tree or today artificial trees are much more common. People decorate the trees with bubbles, little spherical shaped objects, usually with glitter and lots of bright colours, Christmas lights, Christmas cards suspended from strings, and on top, people put either a model of a fairy or angel, or a star. At Christmas, some of the most enthusiastic households go out and walk around the neighbourhood knocking on their neighbours doors and singing Christmas carols to try and spread Christmas awareness and celebration and normally a small tip is expected. At Christmas the patriotic families gather near the television to listen to the queen's speech which is when the Queen reflects on the year and talks about the achievements of the nation. At least once in the week lots of families have a day out, which can range from the local playground, a shopping centre, to a zoo or multiplex cinema. Adults sometimes go to a public house to buy beer and play darts and it is not uncommon to have a television or projector showing a game of football, tennis or cricket. On Saturday lots of people tune in to watch football, or sometimes go to a football stadium to see action in real life.

Marriage: among many members of the South Asian and Jewish communities, arranged marriages as a means of cementing family alliances are the norm. Most inhabitants, however, decide independently whom to marry, often choosing to cohabit with the partner before marriage. Social position, social aspirations, and control unit choice of a marriage partner. Thus, marriages across class lines are not common, especially among unskilled workers and the professional and managerial classes. Marriages across ethnic lines also are not common. As a reason for marriage, economic security is prominent, but so is the desire for sexual
and social companionship. While marriage between a man and a woman remains the primary model for long-term relationships, it is not the only one. Same-sex unions and so-called blended families are increasingly common. . Current gender roles dictate that men are the primary breadwinners and women are responsible for household management.
Inheritance: Children rarely depend on inherited wealth to become independent and usually inherit movable property rather than real estate. When real estate is involved, it often consists of a home and the attached land, not agricultural land. Most people follow the principle of equal division of inherited wealth among offspring, with some favoritism toward biological offspring in blended families.
Kin Groups: People envision themselves as part of a set of interconnected families, the size of which varies with marital status and family traditions. Most people include three to four generations of people in their kin group
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes: Class is the primary way in which people approach social stratification. The upper class (the landed gentry, the titled nobility, and members of the royal family) has roughly the same social position it has had since the nineteenth century, when the middle classes began to compete successfully with the landed interests for influence. However, the upper class lost official political influence (and credibility) in the twentieth century. The major change in England's social identity structure has been the shrinking number of workers in manufacturing and the increasing number of people who work in service industries.
The middle class has increased in size and wealth, and home ownership has increased, while union membership has declined dramatically, along with the size of the traditional industrial working class.Most workers expect unemployment at some point in their careers, especially the unskilled and uneducated.
Indians, on the other hand, have faired better, currently occupying a central position in the middle class as entrepreneurs and in the professions, enjoying chances of employment more comparable to whites.